Advance Excise Duty Deposits Qualify for Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) Deduction

Case Name:

Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Modipon Ltd. (Supreme Court)

Civil Appeal No.19763 of 2017

Date: 24th November 2017

Key Takeaways:

1. Advance deposits of central excise duty in PLAs qualify as "actual payment" under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961).

2. The Court emphasized the importance of consistency in tax practices and the finality of unchallenged High Court decisions.

3. The ruling clarifies the interpretation of Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961), aligning it with the legislative intent to ensure actual payment of taxes before claiming deductions.

Issue:

Is an assessee entitled to claim deduction under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961), in respect of excise duty paid in advance in the Personal Ledger Account (PLA)?

Facts:

1. Modipon Ltd. had been claiming deductions under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) for the balance amount in their PLA at the end of each accounting year since 1984-1985.

2. The company would add back the same amount as taxable income in the following year to avoid double deduction.

3. This practice was accepted by the Revenue from 1984-1985 to 1998-1999, except for four assessment years under dispute.

4. Similar cases involving other assessees, including Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd., were also considered.

Arguments:

Revenue's Arguments:

1. Actual payment of duty occurs only when goods are cleared/removed, not at the time of advance deposit.

2. The advance deposit is similar to a loan and can be refunded under certain conditions.

3. The deposit doesn't represent actual payment of duty to qualify for Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) deduction.

Assessee's Arguments:

1. The practice of claiming deductions and adding back amounts makes the dispute academic with nil revenue implication.

2. Consistency in tax treatment should be maintained as the practice was accepted for many years.

3. The deposit in PLA is irretrievably lost to the assessee and constitutes actual payment of duty.

Key Legal Precedents:

1. Radhasoami Satsang vs. C.I.T. and C.I.T. vs. Excel Industries Ltd. - Cited to support the argument for maintaining consistency in tax treatment.

2. C.I.T. vs. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd., C.I.T. vs. Happy Forgings Ltd., and C.I.T. vs. Raj and San Deeps Ltd. -

High Court decisions in favor of the assessee's position.

3. C.I.T. vs. Pandavapura Sahakara Sakkare Karkhane Ltd. and C.I.T. vs. Nizam Sugar Factory Ltd. -

Used to draw an analogy regarding lack of control over deposited funds.

Judgement:

1. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeals and affirmed the orders of the Delhi and Calcutta High Courts.

2. The Court held that advance deposits of central excise duty constitute actual payment of duty within the meaning of Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961).

3. Assessees are entitled to claim deductions for such advance deposits under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961).

4. The Court considered the legislative intent behind Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961), the statutory requirement of depositing duty in PLA, and the lack of assessee's control over deposited amounts.

FAQs:

Q1: What is the significance of this judgment for taxpayers?

A1: This judgment allows taxpayers to claim deductions for advance deposits of central excise duty, potentially reducing their tax liability in the year of deposit.

Q2: Does this ruling apply to all types of tax deposits?

A2: The ruling specifically addresses central excise duty deposits in Personal Ledger Accounts. Its application to other types of tax deposits would need to be evaluated separately.

Q3: Why did the Court consider the Revenue's past acceptance of the practice important?

A3: The Court emphasized the importance of consistency in tax treatment and the principle of finality in unchallenged decisions to maintain stability in tax administration.

Q4: How does this ruling align with the purpose of Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961)?

A4: The Court found that allowing deductions for advance deposits fulfills the legislative intent of Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961), which was introduced to ensure actual payment of taxes before claiming deductions.

Q5: Can the Revenue challenge similar practices in the future?

A5: While the Revenue can potentially challenge practices in the future, this ruling sets a strong precedent favoring taxpayers in similar situations involving advance tax deposits.

1. Leave granted in all the Special Leave Petitions.

2. Four of the present appeals involve the same assessee, i.e., M/s Modipon Ltd. and are in respect of the Assessment Years 1993-1994, 1996-1997, 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 respectively. The fifth appeal is in case of another assessee, i.e., Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd. and pertains to the Assessment Year 1996-1997.

3. The question involved in all the appeals is the same and may be formulated as hereunder:

“Whether the assessee is entitled to claim deduction under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) in respect of the excise duty paid in advance in the Personal Ledger Account (“PLA” for short)?”

4. Before delving into the question formulated one significant fact common to the appeals involving the assessee-Modipon Ltd. may be noted. From the Assessment Year 1984-1985 (from which assessment year Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) came into force), the assessee has been claiming deduction under the aforesaid provision of the Income Tax Act in respect of the balance amount in the PLA at the end of each accounting year and the assessee had been adding back the same amount as part of the taxable income in the immediately succeeding accounting year in order to avoid double deduction. The aforesaid practice consistently adopted by the assessee had been all along accepted by the Revenue from the Assessment Year 1984-1985 up to the Assessment Year 1998-1999 except for the four assessment years under consideration.

5. Shri K. Radha Krishnan, learned senior counsel for the Revenue has urged that though levy of excise is on manufacture of excisable goods, actual payment of duty is at the stage of removal. The advance duty paid in the PLA is adjusted/debited from time to time, against clearances/removal made by the assessee. Unless such clearances/removal are made and excise duty is debited from the advance deposit there is no actual payment of duty so as to entitle an assessee to the benefit of deduction under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) which contemplates deduction only against actual payment as distinguished from accrual of liability. It is urged on behalf of the Revenue that the amount in deposit is akin to a loan and under the provisions of Central Excise Rules, part or whole of the said amount can be refunded to the assessee. It is further submitted that under Rule 21 of the Central Excise Rules, 1944, at any time before removal, the Commissioner or the other authorities prescribed therein may remit duty in respect of manufactured goods lost or damaged or otherwise unfit for consumption or marketing. The amount of advance deposit, therefore, does not represent actual payment of duty so as to entitle an assessee to the benefit of deduction under Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961). Accordingly the orders of the High Courts challenged in the appeals are liable to interference.

6. In reply, Shri Ajay Vohra, learned senior counsel appearing for the assessee has submitted that the practice followed by the assessee in claiming deduction for the balance amount in the PLA at the end of each accounting year and adding back the same as part of the taxable income in the immediately succeeding accounting year really makes the dispute between the parties academic as the revenue implication, in any event, is nil. Shri Vohra has submitted that the aforesaid practice has been accepted by the Revenue for the Assessment Years 1984-1985 to 1998-1999 except for the four assessment years in question. There is no compelling reason to reopen the issue and, therefore, to maintain consistency the issue may be resolved in favour of the assessee. Reliance in this regard has been placed on decisions of this Court in Radhasoami Satsang vs. C.I.T.1 and C.I.T. vs. Excel Industries Ltd.2 Shri Vohra has further submitted that the very same issue had been decided in favour of the assessee by two High Courts i.e. Delhi High Court in C.I.T. vs. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.3 and Punjab & Haryana High Court in C.I.T. vs. Happy Forgings Ltd.4 and C.I.T. vs. Raj and San Deeps Ltd.5 There has been no appeal by the Revenue against any of the said decisions of the High Courts. Neither there is compelling good reason or public interest involved so as to reopen the issue. It is submitted that the decisions rendered by the Delhi and Punjab & Haryana High Courts, on merits, would commend for acceptance. Accordingly, it is submitted that, in the absence of strong compelling reasons, on the ratio of the decision in C.K. Gangadharan and Anr. vs. C.I.T.6 the present appeals ought to not be entertained any further.

7. On merits it has been submitted by Shri Vohra that under Section 3 of the Central Excise Act, the event for levy of excise duty is the manufacture of goods though the duty is to be paid at the stage of removal of the goods. Pointing out the provisions of Rule 173G of the Central Excise Rules, 1944 it is submitted that the advance deposit of central excise duty in a current account is a mandatory requirement from which adjustments are made, from time to time, against clearances effected. Though, sub-rule (1)(A) contemplates refund from the current account, such refund can be granted only on reasons being recorded by the concerned authority i.e., the Commissioner on the application filed by the assessee. Refund is not a matter of right. The amount deposited in the PLA is irretrievably lost to the assessee, it is argued. Payment of central excise duty takes place at the time of deposit in the PLA, though the deposit is on the basis of an approximation and the precise amount of duty qua the goods removed is ascertained at the stage of removal/clearances. The said facts, according to the learned counsel, would not make the deposit anything less than actual payment of duty.

8. We have considered the submissions made on behalf of the parties. Notwithstanding the acceptance by the Revenue of the practice adopted by the assessee-Modipon Ltd. in all the assessment years except for the ones under dispute as enumerated above and the absence of any challenge to the decisions of the Delhi and the Punjab & Haryana High Courts, the present challenge would still be entertainable so long as it discloses a substantial question of law or an issue impacting public interest or the same has the potential of recurrence in future. The Revenue cannot be shut out from the present proceedings merely because of its acceptance of the practice of accounting adopted by the assessee or its acceptance of the decision of the two High Courts in question. An adjudication of the question(s) arising cannot be refused merely on the above basis. We will, therefore, have to proceed to answer the merits of the challenge made by the Revenue in the present appeals.

9. Deposit of Central Excise Duty in the PLA is a statutory requirement. The Central Excise Rules, 1944, specify a distinct procedure for payment of excise duty leviable on manufactured goods. It is a procedure designed to bring in orderly conduct in the matter of levy and collection of excise duty when both manufacture and clearances are a continuous process. Debits against the advance deposit in the PLA have to be made of amounts of excise duty payable on excisable goods cleared during the previous fortnight. The deposit once made is adjusted against the duty payable on removal and the balance is kept in the account for future clearances/removal. No withdrawal from the account is permissible except on an application to be filed before the Commissioner who is required to record reasons for permitting an assessee to withdraw any amount from the PLA. Sub-rules (3), (4), (5) and (6) of Rule 173G (of Income Tax Rules, 1962) indicates a strict and vigorous scrutiny to be exercised by the central excise authorities with regard to manufacture and removal of excisable goods by an assessee. The self removal scheme and payment of duty under the Act and the Rules clearly shows that upon deposit in the PLA the amount of such deposit stands credited to the Revenue with the assessee having no domain over the amount(s) deposited.

10. In C.I.T. vs. Pandavapura Sahakara Sakkare Karkhane Ltd.7 and C.I.T. vs. Nizam Sugar Factory Ltd.8 cited at the Bar, the High Courts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh respectively had occasion to consider as to whether the amounts credited to the Molasses Storage Fund out of the sale proceeds of molasses received by the assessee constitute taxable income of the assessee. Under the scheme, the assessee had no control over the amounts deposited in the fund and the assessee was also not entitled to withdraw any amount therefrom without the approval of the authorities. Further the amount deposited could be utilized only for the purpose specified. In those circumstances, the High Court held and in our view correctly, that the deposits made, though a part of the sale proceeds of the assessee, did not constitute taxable income at the hands of the assessee. We do not see why the same analogy would not be applicable to the case in hand.

11. The Delhi High Court in the appeals arising from the orders passed by it has also taken the view that the purpose of introduction of Section 43B of the Central Excise Act was to plug a loophole in the statute which permitted deductions on an accrual basis without the requisite obligation to deposit the tax with the State. Resultantly, on the basis of mere book entries an assessee was entitled to claim deduction without actually paying the tax to the State. Having regard to the object behind the enactment of Section 43B (of Income Tax Act, 1961) and the preceding discussions, it would be consistent to hold that the legislative intent would be achieved by giving benefit of deduction to an assessee upon advance deposit of central excise duty notwithstanding the fact that adjustments from such deposit are made on subsequent clearances/removal effected from time to time.

12. The above discussions, coupled with the peculiar features of the case, noticed above i.e. consistent practice followed by the assessee and accepted by the Revenue; the decisions of the two High Courts in favour of the assessee which have attained finality in law; and no contrary view of any other High Court being brought to our notice, should lead us to the conclusion that the High Courts were justified in taking the view that the advance deposit of central excise duty constitutes actual payment of duty within the meaning of Section 43B of the Central Excise Act and, therefore, the assessee is entitled to the benefit of deduction of the said amount.

13. We, therefore, dismiss the appeals and affirm the orders of the High Courts of Delhi and Calcutta impugned in the present appeals.

(RANJAN GOGOI)

(NAVIN SINHA)

NEW DELHI

NOVEMBER 24, 2017